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Research Methods for Education
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Research Methods for Education

Second Edition


March 2026 | 700 pages | SAGE Publications, Inc
Research Methods for Education, Second Edition employs a conversational tone to frame research as a logical, step-by-step process of making research decisions. Helping students translate their complex educational research questions into a plan for a research project, the text focuses on applying scientific methods in real-world educational contexts. Authors Sandra L. Dika, Lynn Ahlgrim-Delzell, and Gregory J. Privitera show how methods and analysis work together to create credible, reliable, and valid quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods educational research. Chapters logically follow the research design and analysis process as in the first edition, with a focus on ethics, measurement, literature reviews, and participant selection before moving through various research designs, including nonexperimental, quasi-experimental, experimental, qualitative, and mixed methods. Significant updates include a restructured table of contents with more emphasis on quasi-experimental research and single-case designs and more logical flow of content. New sections on validity incorporate national standards, while more clarification of qualitative and mixed methods designs helps students better understand these approaches. Throughout, new educational examples and data have been added, as well as updates for the APA 7th edition guidelines.
 
Preface
 
Acknowledgments
 
About the Authors
 
Chapter 1: Introduction to Scientific Thinking and the Science of Education
Introduction

 
The Scientific Method and Its Relevance in Educational Research

 
Approaches in Acquiring Knowledge

 
Generating and Converting Ideas to Hypotheses and Theories

 
Performing a Literature Review

 
Testing Your Idea: Confirmation and Disconfirmation

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Classroom Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Question Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 2: Research Ethics
Introduction

 
Ethics in Educational Research

 
The Need for Ethics Committees in Research: A Historical Synopsis

 
Ethics in Focus: Classic Examples from Psychology

 
Human Participant Research: IRBs and the AERA Code of Ethics

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 3: Scientific Variables, Measurement, and Instrumentation
Introduction

 
Defining Variables, Constructs, and Operational Definitions

 
Types of Variables

 
Scales of Measurement

 
Classifying Data Collection Instruments

 
Tests and Measures

 
Questionnaire Items and Administration

 
Concepts in Validity and Reliability of Measurement

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 4: Sampling From Populations
Introduction

 
Why Do Researchers Select Samples?

 
Subjects, Participants, and Sampling Methods

 
Methods of Sampling: Nonprobability Sampling

 
Methods of Sampling: Probability Sampling

 
Sampling Error and Standard Error of the Mean

 
Potential Biases in Sampling

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 5: Choosing a Research Design
Introduction

 
Designing a Study to Answer a Question

 
Categories of Research Design

 
Internal and External Validity

 
Demonstrating Cause in an Experiment

 
Threats to the Internal Validity of a Research Study

 
Threats to the External Validity of a Research Study

 
External Validity, Experimentation, and Realism

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 6: Naturalistic and Existing Data Research Designs
Introduction

 
An Overview of Naturalistic Design

 
The Research Setting: Natural and Contrived Settings

 
Techniques for Making Unobtrusive Observations

 
Operationalizing Observations

 
Quantifying Observations

 
An Overview of Existing Data Designs

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 7 : Survey and Correlational Research Designs
Introduction

 
An Overview of Survey Designs

 
Surveys, Sampling, and Nonresponse Bias

 
Steps in Administering a Survey

 
The Structure of Correlational Designs

 
Describing the Relationship Between Variables

 
Limitations in Interpretation

 
Correlation, Regression, and Prediction

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 8: Introduction to Qualitative Research
Introduction

 
What Is Qualitative Research?

 
Distinctions Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

 
Three Theoretical Perspectives in Qualitative Research

 
Steps in Qualitative Research

 
Role of the Researcher and Entry Into the Field

 
Sampling in Qualitative Research

 
Types of Qualitative Data

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Classroom Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 9: Phenomenology, Ethnography, and Grounded Theory Designs
Introduction

 
An Overview of Phenomenology Designs

 
An Overview of Ethnography Designs

 
An Overview of Netnography and Autoethnography Designs

 
An Overview of Grounded Theory Designs

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Classroom Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 10: Narrative Inquiry, Case Study, and Critical Theory Designs
Introduction

 
Narrative Research Designs

 
Case Study Designs

 
Critical Theory Designs

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Question Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 11: Quasi-Experimental Designs
Introduction

 
Quasi-Experiments and Quasi-Independent Variables

 
One-Group Designs

 
Quasi-Experimental Design: Nonequivalent Control Group Designs

 
Quasi-Experimental Design: Time-Series Designs

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 12: Single-Case Experimental Designs
Introduction

 
Single-Case Designs: Reversal, Multiple-Baseline, Changing Criterion, Alternate Treatment

 
Standards for Single-Case Designs

 
Analysis of Single-Case Designs

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 13: Group Experimental Designs: Between Subjects, Within Subjects, and Factorial
Introduction

 
Conducting Experiments: Between-Subjects Design

 
Creating Groups and Control of the Independent Variable

 
Conducting Experiments: Within-Subjects Design

 
Conducting Experiments: Factorial Experimental Designs

 
Use of Test Statistics for Group Experimental Designs

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 14: Mixed Methods Research Designs
Introduction

 
Applying a Mixed Methods Design

 
Types of Mixed Methods Research Designs

 
Advanced Mixed Methods Designs

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 15: Action Research
Introduction

 
Distinguishing Traditional Research from Action Research

 
Types of Action Research

 
The Process of Conducting Action Research

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 16: Program Evaluation
Introduction

 
The Fundamentals of Program Evaluation

 
Program Evaluation Standards, Uses, and Limitations

 
Classifications of Program Evaluation

 
Models for Program Evaluation

 
Steps in Program Evaluation

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 17: Analysis and Interpretation: Exposition of Data
Introduction

 
Descriptive Statistics: Why Summarize Data?

 
Frequency Distributions: Tables and Graphs

 
Measures of Central Tendency

 
Measures of Variability

 
Graphing Means and Correlations

 
Using Correlation to Describe Reliability

 
Standard Scores, z Scores, Percentile Ranks, and Age/Grade Equivalents

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 18: Analysis and Interpretation: Making Inferences about Data
Introduction

 
Inferential Statistics: What Are We Making Inferences About?

 
Types of Error and Power

 
Parametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree

 
Main Effects and Interactions

 
Nonparametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree

 
Effect Size: How Big Is an Effect in the Population?

 
Estimation: What Are the Possible Values of a Parameter?

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 19: Analysis and Interpretation: Making Inferences About Qualitative Data
Introduction

 
Qualitative Versus Quantitative Data Analysis

 
Decisions About How to Record Narrative Data

 
Decisions About Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation

 
General Process of Qualitative Data Analysis

 
Interpretations Made Using Different Qualitative Designs in the Data Analysis Process

 
Criteria of Trustworthiness

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Class Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Chapter 20: Communicating Research: Preparing Manuscripts, Posters, and Talks
Introduction

 
Elements of Communication

 
Writing a Manuscript: Writing Style and Language

 
Elements of an APA-Style Manuscript

 
Literature Reviews

 
Reporting Observations in Qualitative Research

 
Poster Presentations and Professional Talks

 
Chapter Summary

 
Key Terms

 
Review Questions

 
Questions and Activities for Classroom Discussion

 
Learning Check Answer Key

 
Review Questions Answer Key

 
 
Appendix A: APA-Style Writing, Sample Manuscript, and Posters
 
Appendix B: Instructions for Randomizing and Counterbalancing
 
References
 
Index

Comprehensive, easy to understand, covers a broad variety of topics.

Jagdish Khubchandani
New Mexico State University

The strength of [this] book lies in its extensive coverage of a wide range of research designs, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques relevant to educational research. It expertly guides students through quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods approaches, equipping them with the tools necessary to navigate the complexities of educational research. The inclusion of real-world examples and case studies further enhances the students' understanding of the application of research methods in educational settings. [T]he book is written in a clear and accessible manner.

Dunja Trunk
Bloomfield College

Has detailed information on various topics so that I can use with either my master's or doctoral students.

Tracy M. Walker
Virginia State University

This text provides a comprehensive and detailed introduction and overview to qualitative methodologies, methods of data collection and analysis, and guidelines for rigorous and ethical conduct of qualitative inquiry, all through a critical theoretical lens.

Amira Proweller, PhD
DePaul University

Privitera and Ahlgrim-Delzell have masterfully approached educational research methods in the way this discipline deserves: through a problem-focused paradigm that outlines the process students will follow in deciding how to tackle the thorny problems of our beloved profession. As a current K-12 practitioner with a doctorate in higher education administration who has taught graduate-level research methods for the past 15 years, I strongly recommend this text. It's readable, problem-focused, accessible, and edifying.

Dr. Jeff Savage
Cornerstone and Liberty University

Privitera concisely and simply addresses the research process and gives students the ability to understand the basic research strategies.

Scott Drabenstot
Southern Nazarene University

Provides great examples throughout and conceptually pushes students to think about research methods in terms of what they read and what they do.

Erin M. Ramirez
California State University, Monterey Bay
Pre-revision review

This text provides a broad overview and introduction to research methods and processes for teacher researchers. It allows the reader
to understand the options of how to move forward with their research project in education.

Dr. Stefanie Boutelier
Aquinas College
Pre-revision review

A well-organized, articulate, and engaging introduction to the principles of educational research.

Mary Dereshiwsky
Northern Arizona University
Pre-revision review

The book offers clear, applicable examples and discussions for important lessons in research. It is formatted for readability and engagement. Students would find the text boxes and prompts encouraging as they work to understand new concepts and processes.

Maria Gray
Northeastern State University
Pre-revision review

For instructors

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ISBN: 9781071895009
£139.00