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Surfacing Brilliance Through Meaningful Science Assessment
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Surfacing Brilliance Through Meaningful Science Assessment
Shifting Practice to Reflect Today's Students and Today's Standards



November 2025 | 280 pages | Corwin

Science education is evolving–and our assessments should, too.

The Next Generation Science Standards and similar standards based on A Framework for K-12 Science Education ushered in a bold vision focused on figuring out phenomena and problems, sensemaking that mirrors how scientists work, and real-world relevance. Although instruction has started to shift, assessment has too often lagged behind—failing to capture or support the depth, complexity, and creativity of meaningful science learning.

Surfacing Brilliance Through Meaningful Science Assessment: Shifting Practice to Reflect Today’s Students and Today’s Standards is the essential guide for educators and leaders ready to rethink how we understand, evaluate, and support K-12 science learning. Written by Aneesha Badrinarayan, a leading voice in science education and assessment, this book offers a clear roadmap for designing assessments that surface the brilliance of young people in ways that are meaningful, equitable, and grounded in the lived realities of today’s classrooms.

Drawing on four core priorities—sensemaking, relevance, assets, and opportunity—this book empowers educators to move beyond traditional tests to create assessments that reveal what students truly understand and can do.

Bridging cutting-edge research and practical implementation, this book offers:

  • Concrete strategies for using phenomena, problematizing strategies, and purposeful prompts to drive authentic sensemaking
  • Frameworks and tools to develop relevant, asset-based assessments that reflect students’ strengths and experiences and are specific to a given classroom context
  • Approaches to using data for targeted feedback and deeper learning
  • A forward-looking chapter on how to meaningfully integrate AI into science assessment in an age of rapidly evolving technology

Whether you’re a K–12 teacher, instructional leader, or assessment designer, Surfacing Brilliance Through Meaningful Science Assessment will transform how you think about using assessment to understand, evaluate, and support student learning. This guide ensures that educators and leaders assess students in ways that center student brilliance, embrace innovation, and inspire learners to achieve ambitious learning goals in science.

 
Acknowledgments
 
About the Author
 
Author’s Note
 
PART 1: UNDERSTANDING SCIENCE STANDARDS IN FUTURE-FOCUSED WAYS
 
Introduction: Setting the Stage
A Quick Primer on the Next Generation Science Standards

 
Grounding Principles and Needed Shifts in Science Assessment

 
This Is Not Your Typical Science Assessment Book

 
Overview of This Book

 
Language Use in This Book

 
 
CHAPTER 1: Future-Focused Science Assessments: Interpreting the NGSS and Similar Standards for Meaningful Assessments in a Rapidly Evolving World
Understanding Our Foundation: Current Features of High-Quality Science Assessments

 
Landscape Shift 1: Local and Cultural Relevance and Personalization

 
Landscape Shift 2: Competencies and Durable Skills

 
Landscape Shift 3: Technology and Its Impact on Teaching, Learning, and Assessment in Science

 
Future-Focused Science Assessment: Evolution

 
Chapter Summary

 
Reflection Questions

 
 
PART 2: FOUR PRIORITIES FOR SURFACING SCIENCE THINKING IN TRUSTWORTHY AND USEFUL WAYS
 
CHAPTER 2: Priority 1: Sensemaking
Defining Sensemaking in Assessment

 
Why Is Sensemaking So Important?

 
What Leads to Sensemaking in Assessment Tasks

 
Pathways to Sensemaking: Phenomena, Problematizing, and Prompts

 
Choosing a Phenomenon to Drive Sensemaking

 
Problematizing a Phenomenon to Surface Sensemaking

 
Crafting Prompts to Elicit Sensemaking

 
Scaffolding Sensemaking in Assessment Tasks

 
Deep Dive Into Choosing Meaningful Phenomena: Right-Sizing Phenomena and Problems to a Given Assessment Task

 
Using Phenomena to Understand Transfer and Generalizability of Science Learning

 
Caution: Ensuring Transfer Doesn’t Become a Pass for Discrimination and Inequity

 
Chapter Summary

 
Reflection Questions

 
 
CHAPTER 3: Priority 2: Relevance
Making Assessment Tasks Relevant—Not Just Interesting—to Learners and Their Communities

 
Using Culture as a Concrete Path to Relevance in Science Assessments

 
Understanding Our Students: An Example

 
Attending to Culture and Relevance at the Scale of Many Students

 
Windows and Mirrors: A Strategy for Approaching Relevance at Scale

 
Features of Culturally Conscious Assessments

 
Motivation and Affect: Reimagining One of Assessment’s Cardinal Rules

 
Chapter Summary

 
Reflection Questions

 
 
CHAPTER 4: Priority 3: Assets
Looking for Assets in Student Sensemaking

 
Key Features of Asset-Based Assessment Practices in Science

 
Moving Beyond Misconceptions: Reframing Our Orientation to Wrong and Incomplete Answers

 
Implications of Asset-Based Approaches for Assessment Tasks and Data Dashboards

 
Habits and Beliefs of Asset-Based Assessors

 
Celebrating Assets of Students Who Think Differently Than We Do

 
Chapter Summary

 
Reflection Questions

 
 
CHAPTER 5: Priority 4: Opportunity and Experience
The Relationship Between Opportunity, Experience, and Performance

 
Making the Right Information Available

 
Impact on Students

 
A Window Into Practices and Durable Skills

 
What Experiences Should We Measure?

 
Turning Experience Information Into Insights About Opportunity to Learn That Influence Our Interpretations of Student Performance and Next Steps in Instruction

 
Using Opportunity and Experience Data to Foster New Conversations With Parents

 
Chapter Summary

 
Reflection Questions

 
 
PART 3: PUTTING THE PRIORITIES TO WORK
 
CHAPTER 6: Choosing and Designing Assessments That Center the Four Priorities
Reviewing Tasks: Criteria

 
Reviewing Tasks: Process

 
Some Tips to Help Quick Task Evaluation

 
Developing Assessments That Are Designed for the Science Standards in Ways That Center the Four Priorities

 
Step 1: Understand and Define Your Assessment Targets Within a Future-Focused Framework

 
Step 2: Unpack Standards and Other Learning Goals With Learners’ Culture, Interests, and Identities in Mind

 
Step 3: Write Claims for Your Assessment That Synthesize Your Focal DCIs, SEPs, CCCs, and Durable Skills Into a Statement About Student Learning

 
Step 4: Choose a Phenomenon or Problem That Centers Specific Communities, Interests, and Reasons for Engaging

 
Step 5: Create a Problematized Scenario Based on the Phenomenon

 
Step 6: Develop Complete Student Explanations or Models That Specifically Account for How Different Perspectives and Ideas Can Be Valued in Complete Responses

 
Step 7: Develop Prompts That Elicit Sensemaking With Multiple Dimensions and Lived Experiences

 
Step 8: Develop Asset-Oriented Interpretation Guidance for Student Responses

 
Step 9: Invite Feedback and Review From Those Closest to Students You Are Least Connected To

 
Step 10: Pilot and Revise, Focusing on Learners at the Margins

 
Chapter Summary

 
Reflection Questions

 
 
CHAPTER 7: Using Generative AI in Responsible Ways to Support Science Assessment Design and Use
Defining Terms

 
Understanding the Current State of Generative AI in Science Assessment

 
Ways Generative AI Might Support Science Assessment

 
Approaching AI as a “Collaborator” in Science Assessment Activities

 
A Use-Case: AI in Science Assessment Review

 
Guiding Principles for Using Generative AI in Science Assessment Processes (AKA Aneesha's Laws of Assessment Machines)

 
Supporting Social Sensemaking

 
Some Final Caveats

 
Chapter Summary

 
Reflection Questions

 
 
CHAPTER 8: Epilogue: An Invitation to Imagine
 
References
 
Index

Surfacing Brilliance Through Meaningful Science Assessment is the assessment guide we’ve been waiting for. Aneesha Badrinarayan offers a clear, compassionate, and visionary roadmap for designing assessments that affirm student brilliance, honor cultural assets, and spark real sensemaking. Grounded in both research and practice, this book translates equity into action—making it an essential companion for educators, leaders, and developers who believe science learning should be rigorous, relevant, and relentlessly student-centered.

Linda Darling-Hammond
Stanford Graduate School of Education
Stanford, CA

This book is grounded in 'the fierce belief that all students are capable of brilliance.' Badrinarayan’s passion, expertise, and humility shine through her writing. She expertly balances providing practical strategies for assessment design and carefully crafted opportunities for deep personal reflection. Her thoughtful approach to assessment inspires educators to see and nurture the potential in every learner.

Tricia Shelton
NSTA
McLean, VA

This book is an essential resource for anyone involved in designing science assessments. It presents a clear, accessible approach that makes complex concepts easy to understand and apply. Unlike other resources, it bridges the gap between theory and practice, offering valuable insights and practical strategies for realizing a better future for students through improved assessment practices. A must-read for science educators and designers.

Daniel Alcazar-Roman
University of California Berkeley
Belmont, CA

Rooted in how we learn, Badrinarayan masterfully weaves together research, practical tips, classroom scenarios, design examples and non-examples in a book that is sure to become a foundational text for assessment developers, teachers, and anyone interested in creating meaningful learning experiences. Anchored in science, Badrinarayan's advice will engage, push, and excite anyone working to understand and build upon student's brilliance.

Sasha Klyachkina
Chicago Public Schools
Chicago, IL

After years of wrestling with science assessments, this book is the one-stop shop we’ve all been waiting for. Whether you’re designing tests, analyzing data, or looking to make assessments more equitable and engaging, this book covers it all. Packed with actionable insights, real-world examples, and practical tools, it’s the ultimate guide to transforming every aspect of classroom science assessments. If you’re serious about improving science education, start here!

TJ Heck
Science Cognia, INC
Durand, MI

Badrinarayan is somehow both visionary and practical in ways that will challenge the reader and help them to advance their practice forward. This book will serve as an anchor point as we claw our way forward toward better teaching and learning experiences for all students.

Matt Krehbiel
OpenSciEd
Derwood, MD

Surfacing Brilliance Through Meaningful Science Assessment is Aneesha Badrinarayan’s “love letter to science assessment,” and it is a refreshing and insightful read. Based on her two decades of expertise, she proves science assessment can be meaningful for students and approachable for educators. Her book will help science educators better understand assessment systems for the Next Generation Science Standards, including innovative uses of GenAI, and put this knowledge into practice.

OkHee Lee
New York University
New York, NY

Given contemporary expectations for students’ science achievement, no one has thought more deeply about science assessment design and use than Badrinarayan. She elevates the discussion by emphasizing the role of assessment in surfacing student brilliance. She details what that implies and the many challenges that need to be overcome to attain that vision, while simultaneously providing examples of tasks and design principles to advance the effort. 

James W. Pellegrino
University of Illinois Chicago
Chicago, IL

This book is designed to impact how we surface brilliance in our students, and I think at the same time it helps surface brilliance in its readers, making it both immediately useful and something educators will come back to again and again to spur important conversations about what science assessment can and should be now and into the future.

Katie Van Horne
Concolor Research
Lynnwood, WA

This book shows what high-quality three-dimensional science assessment can and should be. In doing so, it sets the standard for all future development efforts. It summarizes, synthesizes, and builds on the varied efforts in the field, including the authors’ own pioneering work. This book is a must read. 

Nathan Dadey
The National Center for the Improvement of Educational Assessment, Inc
Dover, NH

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ISBN: 9781071968086
£29.99